Hydrochloric acid was found to be an effective catalyst for condensation of leucoquinizarin with aromatic mono-and dialdehydes but ineffective with aliphatic aldehydes; o-dialdehydes gave polycyclic compounds. Piperidinium acetate was found to be effective for both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. They are presented in relationship to previously reported alkaline dithionite condensations. A mechanism is proposed in which the dehydration step is ...