QDs with different fluorescence emission wavelengths were coated with galactose, glucose, and lactose respectively. The formulas of glyco-QDs were determined by NMR and ICP- OES, and the interactions between glyco-QDs and PNA lectin were investigated by SPR. The results showed that multivalent presentation achieved by using QDs as the scaffold is an effective way to enhance the carbohydrate–protein interactions. The KD for the ...