Tetrahedron

Direct ester condensation from a 1: 1 mixture of carboxylic acids and alcohols catalyzed by hafnium (IV) or zirconium (IV) salts

K Ishihara, M Nakayama, S Ohara, H Yamamoto

Index: Ishihara, Kazuaki; Nakayama, Masaya; Ohara, Suguru; Yamamoto, Hisashi Tetrahedron, 2002 , vol. 58, # 41 p. 8179 - 8188

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Citation Number: 166

Abstract

To promote atom efficiency in synthesis and to avoid the generation of environmental waste, the use of stoichiometric amounts of condensing reagents or excess substrates should be avoided. In esterification, excess amounts of either carboxylic acids or alcohols are normally needed. We found that the direct condensation of equimolar amounts of carboxylic acids and alcohols could be achieved using hafnium (IV) or zirconium (IV) salts. These metal ...