冰醋酸_MSDS_用途_密度_冰醋酸CAS号【64-19-7】

Acetic acid 是一种短链脂肪酸 (SCFAs),其含量水平与中密度脂蛋白 (IDL-c) 的水平呈正相关。而 Propionic acid 与高密度脂蛋白 (HDL-P) 的水平呈负相关。Acetic acid 是大多数厌氧菌碳水化合物发酵代谢物,与肝脏中的“从头”脂肪生成和胆固醇生成刺激有关。Acetic acid 与 Propionic acid 的比例是宿主脂质谱状态的新型生物标志物。

[ 描述 ]:

Acetic acid 是一种短链脂肪酸 (SCFAs),其含量水平与中密度脂蛋白 (IDL-c) 的水平呈正相关。而 Propionic acid 与高密度脂蛋白 (HDL-P) 的水平呈负相关。Acetic acid 是大多数厌氧菌碳水化合物发酵代谢物,与肝脏中的“从头”脂肪生成和胆固醇生成刺激有关。Acetic acid 与 Propionic acid 的比例是宿主脂质谱状态的新型生物标志物。

[ 相关类别 ]:

信号通路 >> 其他 >> 其他

研究领域 >> 代谢疾病

[ 靶点 ]

Microbial Metabolite

Human Endogenous Metabolite

[参考文献]

[1]. Granado-Serrano AB, et al. Faecal bacterial and short-chain fatty acids signature in hypercholesterolemia. Sci Rep. 2019 Feb 11;9(1):1772.

[ 密度 ]:
1.1±0.1 g/cm3

[ 沸点 ]:
117.1±3.0 °C at 760 mmHg

[ 熔点 ]:
16.2 °C(lit.)

[ 分子式 ]:
C₂H₄O₂

[ 分子量 ]:
60.052

[ 闪点 ]:
40.0±0.0 °C

[ 精确质量 ]:
60.021130

[ PSA ]:
37.30000

[ LogP ]:
-0.28

[ 外观性状 ]:
透明液体

[ 蒸汽密度 ]:
2.07 (vs air)

[ 蒸汽压 ]:
13.9±0.2 mmHg at 25°C

[ 折射率 ]:
1.376

[ 储存条件 ]:
库房通风低温干燥,与H发孔剂、氧化剂、碱类分开存放

[ 水溶解性 ]:
miscible

详细MSDS(安全技术说明书)

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: AF1225000

CHEMICAL NAME :: Acetic acid

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 64-19-7

BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :: 0506007

LAST UPDATED :: 199806

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 69

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C2-H4-O2

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 60.06

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :: QV1

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: Standard Draize test

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human

TYPE OF TEST :: Open irritation test

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

TYPE OF TEST :: Standard Draize test

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

TYPE OF TEST :: Rinsed with water

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Administration into the eye

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human

DOSE/DURATION :: 1470 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of esophagus Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from small intestine Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from large intestine

TYPE OF TEST :: TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Inhalation

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human

DOSE/DURATION :: 816 ppm/3M

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Sense Organs and Special Senses (Olfaction) - effect, not otherwise specified Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - effect, not otherwise specified Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Rectal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - child

DOSE/DURATION :: 281 uL/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Gastrointestinal - alteration in gastric secretion Liver - liver function tests impaired Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Unreported

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :: 308 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 3310 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Inhalation

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 16000 ppm/4H

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LC50 - Lethal concentration, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Inhalation

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 5620 ppm/1H

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - conjunctive irritation Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - effect, not otherwise specified Blood - other changes

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 525 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :: 600 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :: 1060 uL/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :: 600 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Rectal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :: 600 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 22680 mg/kg/9W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - food intake (animal) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain

TYPE OF TEST :: TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Inhalation

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 5070 ug/m3/24H/95D-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - other changes in urine composition Blood - changes in leukocyte (WBC) count Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - true cholinesterase

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 700 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: lactating female 18 day(s) post-birth

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intratesticular

DOSE :: 400 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: male 1 day(s) pre-mating

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - male fertility index (e.g. # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)

TYPE OF TEST :: Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction

TYPE OF TEST :: Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction

TYPE OF TEST :: Cytogenetic analysis

TYPE OF TEST :: Unscheduled DNA synthesis

TYPE OF TEST :: Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified

MUTATION DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: Cytogenetic analysis

TEST SYSTEM :: Rodent - hamster Ovary

REFERENCE :: MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 240,195,1990 *** REVIEWS *** ACGIH TLV-STEL 37 mg/m3 (15 ppm) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 ACGIH TLV-TWA 25 mg/m3 (10 ppm) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW AMIHAB AMA Archives of Industrial Health. (Chicago, IL) V.11-21, 1955-60. For publisher information, see AEHLAU. Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,28,1960 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW ARTODN Archives of Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Pl. 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.32- 1974- Volume(issue)/page/year: 39,299,1978 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** EPA FIFRA 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 54,7740,1989 MSHA STANDARD-air:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,2,1971 OSHA PEL (Gen Indu):8H TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1910.1000,1994 OSHA PEL (Construc):8H TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1926.55,1994 OSHA PEL (Shipyard):8H TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1915.1000,1993 OSHA PEL (Fed Cont):8H TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 41,50-204.50,1994 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-AUSTRALIA:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3);STEL 15 ppm (37 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-AUSTRIA:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-BELGIUM:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3);STEL 15 ppm (37 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-DENMARK:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-FINLAND:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3);STEL 15 ppm (37 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-FRANCE:STEL 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-GERMANY:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-HUNGARY:TWA 10 mg/m3;STEL 20 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-INDIA:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3);STEL 15 ppm (37 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-JAPAN:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-THE NETHERLANDS:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-THE PHILIPPINES:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-POLAND:TWA 5 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-RUSSIA:TWA 10 ppm;STEL 5 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-SWEDEN:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3);STEL 15 ppm (35 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-SWITZERLAND:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3);STEL 20 ppm (50 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-THAILAND:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-TURKEY:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-UNITED KINGDOM:TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3);STEL 15 ppm (35 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL IN BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA check ACGIH TLV OEL IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) : NIOSH REL TO ACETIC ACID-air:10H TWA 10 ppm;STEL 15 ppm REFERENCE : NIOSH* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. Volume(issue)/page/year: DHHS #92-100,1992 NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 01568 No. of Facilities: 51469 (estimated) No. of Industries: 264 No. of Occupations: 150 No. of Employees: 486503 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 01568 No. of Facilities: 49403 (estimated) No. of Industries: 266 No. of Occupations: 169 No. of Employees: 907205 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 322123 (estimated)

[ 符号 ]:

GHS02, GHS05

[ 信号词 ]:
Danger

[ 危害声明 ]:
H226-H314

[ 警示性声明 ]:
P210-P260-P280-P303 + P361 + P353-P305 + P351 + P338 + P310-P370 + P378

[ 个人防护装备 ]:
Faceshields;full-face respirator (US);Gloves;Goggles;multi-purpose combination respirator cartridge (US);type ABEK (EN14387) respirator filter

[ 危害码 (欧洲) ]:
C:Corrosive

[ 风险声明 (欧洲) ]:
R10;R35

[ 安全声明 (欧洲) ]:
S26-S36/37/39-S45-S23-S24/25

[ 危险品运输编码 ]:
UN 1792 8/PG 2

[ WGK德国 ]:
3

[ RTECS号 ]:
NN1650000

[ 包装等级 ]:
II

[ 危险类别 ]:
8

[ 海关编码 ]:
29152100

冰醋酸上游产品

冰醋酸下游产品

1.乙酸在自然界分布很广。例如在水果或植物油中，主要以酯的形式存在；在动物的组织内、排泄物和血液中以游离酸的形式存在。许多微生物可以将不同的有机物通过发酵转化为乙酸。中国古代就有关于制醋的记载，早在公元前，人类已能用酒经各种乙酸菌氧化发酵制醋，19世纪后期，发现将木材干馏可以获得乙酸。1911年，在德国建成了世界上第一套乙醛氧化生产乙酸的工业装置。不久又研究发展了低碳烃氧化生产乙酸的方法。1960年原联邦德国采用甲醇在高压（20MPa）下经羰基化制乙酸的方法。随后，美国孟山都公司采用铑络合物催化剂（以碘化物作助催化剂），使甲醇羰基化制乙酸的压力降到0.3-3.0MPa，并于1970年建成生产能力135kt乙酸的甲醇低压羰基化工业装置。由于该法技术经济先进，从70年代中期起新建的大厂多采用甲醇低压羰基化法。1984年世界乙酸的年生产能力已达6Mt，其中低压羰基化法约占40%。1.发酵法利用淀粉发酵所得的淡酒液(含3-6%乙醇)，在醋母的菌的作用下，于35℃左右进行发酵，淡酒液就被空气氧化成醋。醋中除含3-6%的乙酸外，尚含有其他有机酸，酯类和蛋白质。发酵的主要用来制食用醋。2.合成法它是工业生产乙酸的主要方法。(1)乙醛氧化法。以乙醛为原料,采用氧气或空气为氧化剂,在50-80℃,0.6-1.0MPa和乙酸锰催化剂在存下，于鼓泡塔式反应器中进行液相氧化(见本条工业实例)。

(2)甲醇低压羰基化法。又称孟山都法。采用铑的羰基化合物和碘化物组成的催化剂系统,使甲醇和一氧化碳在水乙酸介质中于175℃左右和低于3.0MPa的条件下反应，生成乙酸。由于催化剂的活性和选择性都很高，故副反应很少。反应产物先后经脱经组分塔和脱水塔处理，分出的劝组分和含水乙酸可循环返回反应器，离开反应器的气体先用冷甲醇洗涤，以回收带出的碘甲烷(中间产物)，然后送往一氧化碳回收装置。所得粗产品再经精馏提纯即得成品乙酸。以甲醇汁，产率>99%。甲醇低压羰基化法制乙酸，具有原料价廉，操作条件缓和，乙酸产率高，产品质量好和工艺过程简单等优点，目前乙酸生产中技术经济最先进的方法。但反应介质有严重的腐蚀性，需要使用昂贵的特种钢材。

(3)甲醇高压羰基合成法。甲醇与一氧化碳在乙酸水溶液中反应，以羰基钴为催化剂，碘甲烷为助催化剂，反应条件为250℃和70MPa。反应后的产物经分离系统分离后，即可得成品。以甲醇计，收率可达90%。

(4)低碳烷烃液相氧化法。常用正丁烷为原料，以乙酸为溶剂,在170-180℃，5.5MPa和乙酸钴催化剂存在下，用空气为氧化剂进行液相氧化。也可以用液化石油气或轻质油为原料。这一方使用的原料比较便宜，但工艺流程较长，腐蚀严重，且乙酸收率不高，故仅限于有廉价丁烷或液化石油气供应的地区性区采用。例如美国Celance公司用丁烷氧化，收率76%，副产甲酸6%。如以炼油厂30-100℃轻油为原料，氧化温度165-167℃，压力3.92-4.90MPa，催化剂环烷酸钴用量约为进油量的万分之零点一。经空气液相氧化制得的混合酸，经六个塔分离得乙酸，其收率为轻油的40%左右。每生产1t乙酸，得副产品丙酸0.1t，丁二酸0.02t，甲酸0.12t，中性酸0.4t.约消耗轻油2.4t，催化剂0.2kg。乙醛氧化制乙酸的工业实例：乙醛和乙酸锰从塔底部加入氧化塔，分段通入氧气，反应温度控制在70-75℃,塔顶气相压力维持在9.81×104Pa，塔顶通入适量的氮气以防止气相发生爆炸。连续出料。反应生成的粗乙酸凝固点应在8.5-9℃之间，流入浓缩精制工序，尾气经低温冷却，冷凝液回流氧化塔,气体放空。粗乙酸连续进入浓缩塔，塔顶温度控制在95-103℃，冷凝器冷凝的稀乙酸，在稀酸回收塔内回收乙酸，不能冷凝的气体进入低温冷凝成稀乙醛回收使用。除去低沸点的粗乙酸连续加入乙酸蒸发锅，塔顶温度维持在120℃左右，馏出的乙酸即为成品。塔底高沸点物和催化剂可灼烧，以除去有机物后回收催化剂。食品酸味剂用乙酸按GB1903-80，含量≥98.0%,杂质指标应符合要求。试剂乙酸的提纯方法：在工业级乙酸中加入高锰酸钾粉末(为乙酸重量的1-2%)，充分搅拌使溶解.加入量应保持1h内高锰酸钾不褪色。最后分去下部不溶解部分。在蒸馏塔中蒸出乙酸，再向新蒸出的乙酸中加入适量粉状铬酐。使其溶解，分取上层清液进行蒸馏。取中间馏分即为成品。脱水的方法除用乙酐外，还可利用乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、苯、二异丙醚等与水组成的共沸混合物，进行共沸蒸馏脱水。

2.乙醛氧化法：乙醛和乙酸锰从塔底部加入氧化塔，分段通入氧气，反应温度控制在70～75℃，塔顶气相压力维持在0.098MPa，塔顶通人适量的氮气以防止气相发生爆炸。反应生成的粗乙酸凝固点应在8.5～9.0℃之间，连续出料进入精制工段。尾气经低温冷却，冷凝液回流氧化塔，气体放空。粗乙酸连续进入浓缩塔，塔顶温度控制在95～103℃，冷凝器冷凝的稀乙酸在稀酸回收塔内回收乙酸，不能冷凝的气体进入低温冷凝器冷凝成稀乙醛回收使用。除去低沸点的粗乙酸连续加入乙酸蒸发锅，塔顶温度维持在120℃左右，蒸馏出的乙酸即为成品。

3.低碳烷烃液相氧化法：常以丁烷为原料，乙酸为溶剂，乙酸钴为催化剂，以空气为氧化剂，在170～180℃：和5.5MPa条件下进行液相催化氧化。也可以30～100℃的轻油为原料。所得混合酸经6个塔分离得乙酸。精制方法：乙酸中含有水、乙醛、丙酮、甲酸、丙酸、酯类、硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐、氯化物、乙酸盐等杂质。精制方法是在乙酸中加入与水等摩尔的酐，使与存在的水反应，再加入铬酸酐（每100mL乙酸加2g铬酸酐），在接近沸点的温度加热1小时，然后分馏。也可加入2%~5%的高锰酸钾代替铬酸酐，回流2~6小时后分馏。进一步纯化可用分步结晶的方法。无水乙酸（冰醋酸）容易吸收水分。脱水的方法除用乙酸酐外，也可用干燥剂如高氯酸镁、无水硫酸铜、三乙酸硼、三乙酸铬等。此外，尚可利用乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、苯、二异丙醚等与水组成的共沸混合物，进行共沸蒸馏脱水。

4.工业上可用甲醇羰基化法生产乙酸；然后经高锰酸钾氧化，过滤和蒸馏可得精品乙酸。

在低于15℃的温度下使乙酸恒温结晶，然后真空吸滤或离心分离滤出其结晶部分，即为成品纯冰乙酸。

5.乙炔法：将乙炔与水在催化剂存在下直接水合得到乙醛,然后在醋酸锰催化剂的乙酸溶液中,用氧气将乙醛氧化而得。

6.乙烯法：将乙烯和氧气在催化剂存在下,一步直接氧化合成乙醛,再氧化即得乙酸。轻油液相氧化法:将轻油在钴催化剂存在下,液相氧化生成乙酸、甲酸、丙酸、丁酸等混合物,再经蒸馏,两次精馏而得。

7.乙烯氧化法

[ 海关编码 ]: 29152100

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