Current processes to produce HMF generally involve the use of acid catalysts in biphasic systems and metal chlorides in ionic liquid solvents. 4–8 Dumesic and co-workers demonstrated that high yields (approximately 75%) of HMF could be obtained from fructose in aqueous/organic reaction media. 7,8 However, such a system exhibited low ability (HMF yield less than 25%) to transform from glucose, which is a more stable and abundant sugar source. To achieve ...
