To mimic enzymatic processes in nature involving metal-ion co-catalysts, acid–base dual-activation enabling cooperative activation of both reaction partners 1 has received much attention for highly efficient nucleophilic reactions under mild conditions. Three general strategies of dual activation 2 include: (1) a catalytic system composed of two separate catalysts; (2) one molecule containing two separate catalytic moieties as a bifunctional catalyst; (3) one catalyst activates ...
