To minimize the amount of toxic waste and by??products generated by chemical processes, new and more environmentally friendly synthetic methods using fewer toxic substances need to be developed. Many organic solvents are harmful and should be used as little as possible or not at all. Alternatives being investigated for organic reactions include water,11. Li , C.??J. and Chan , TH 1997. In Organic Reactions in Aqueous Media Chichester: Wiley.