The binding interactions between aqueous copper (Cu2+) and lithium (Li+) ions and Langmuir monolayers and Langmuir− Blodgett (LB) multilayers have been investigated by studying surface pressure− area (Π− A) isotherms and surface potential− area (Δ V− A) behavior in order to find the effective dipole moment, μ⊥, of the calixarene molecules in the uncomplexed and complexed states. The orientation of both calix [4] arenes, namely, 5, 11 ...
[Markowitz, Michael A.; Janout, Vaclav; Castner, David G.; Regen, Steven L. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1989 , vol. 111, # 21 p. 8192 - 8200]