The thermal and photochemical reactions of 1, 2-diphenyl-3, 3, 4, 4-tetramethylcyclobutene were investigated. Direct irradiation of this hydrocarbon leads to inefficient cyclization to a dehydrophenanthrene. Irradiation in the presence of diethyl terephthalate gives the cyclobutane radical cation and the ester radical anion. These intermediates were observed by laser flash photolysis. The cyclobutene radical cation does not rearrange rapidly to the ...
[Ishii, Akihiko; Ding, Meng-Xin; Maeda, Kiyoto; Nakayama, Juzo; Hoshino, Masamatsu Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 1992 , vol. 65, # 12 p. 3343 - 3349]