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DL-肉碱盐酸盐

DL-肉碱盐酸盐用途

(±)-Carnitine chloride 有D和L两种异构体。L-carnitine在脂肪酸的β-氧化中起重要作用,也具有抗氧化作用和抗炎活性。

DL-肉碱盐酸盐名称

[ CAS 号 ]:
461-05-2

[ 中文名 ]:
DL-肉碱盐酸盐

[ 英文名 ]:
DL-Carnitine hydrochloride

[中文别名 ]:

[英文别名 ]:

DL-Carnitine Hydrochloride
EINECS 207-309-1
UNII:F64264D63N
Vitamin BT Hydrochloride
Carnitine chloride
carnitine hydrochloride
MFCD00011904
QV1YQ1K1&1&1 &&Anhydro HCl
(±)-Carnitine (chloride)

DL-肉碱盐酸盐生物活性

[ 描述 ]:

(±)-Carnitine chloride 有D和L两种异构体。L-carnitine在脂肪酸的β-氧化中起重要作用,也具有抗氧化作用和抗炎活性。

[ 相关类别 ]:

信号通路 >> 其他 >> 其他

研究领域 >> 代谢疾病

天然产物 >> 其他

[体外研究]

左旋肉碱的主要作用是将长链脂肪酸穿过线粒体内膜。通过激活肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶(CPT)-I使L-肉碱和酰基辅酶A变为酰基肉碱后,通过CPT-II在线粒体基质中将转运的酰基肉碱变为酰基辅酶A.棕榈酰辅酶A诱导的线粒体呼吸通过左旋肉碱处理增加,然后由于ADP的存在而加速。通过用浓度依赖性的L-肉碱处理诱导这种加速,并且在5mM L-肉碱下饱和[1]。用L-肉碱预处理增强了H2O2处理的HL7702细胞中Nrf2核转位,DNA结合活性和血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)的表达。左旋肉碱通过Akt介导的Nrf2信号通路激活保护HL7702细胞免受H2O2诱导的细胞损伤[2]。

[体内研究]

发现左旋肉碱可下调泛素蛋白酶体途径并增加动物模型中的IGF-1浓度。用于2周后肢悬浮液的左旋肉碱可减轻比目鱼肌中重量和纤维尺寸的减少。此外,左旋肉碱抑制atrogin-1 mRNA的表达,据报道,这种表达在肌肉萎缩中起关键作用[3]。用左旋肉碱同时治疗可减轻肾纤维化(与血浆TGF-β1水平降低相关)和L-NAME组报告的促氧化和促炎症状,同时PPAR-γ的表达增加[ 4]。

[激酶实验]

将线粒体（0.6mg蛋白质/ mL）在含有225mM甘露醇，75mM蔗糖和100μM乙二醇四乙酸（EGTA）的2.5mM Hepes（pH7.4）中在25℃下与或不与5mM L-肉碱一起温育。为了测量氧摄取，在加入无机磷酸盐（Pi）4mM后10分钟，用棕榈酰-CoA（50μM）处理线粒体，然后加入ADP（200μM）。在ADP处理后3-4分钟加入Oligomycin（5μM）和鱼藤酮（10μM）。 HPG（0-10 mM）可以特异性地抑制线粒体中的肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶（CPT）-I活性，在线粒体孵育前加入Hepes培养基[1]。

[动物实验]

大鼠：在适应环境1周后，将大鼠随机分配到后肢悬浮组，用左旋肉碱给药组的后肢悬浮液和配对喂养组。左旋肉碱组使用探测器口服溶解于蒸馏水中的1250mg L-肉碱/ kg。每天早上09:00测量体重，每天早上10点摄取左旋肉碱溶液。实验进行了14天[3]。

[参考文献]

[1]. Oyanagi E, et al. Protective action of L-carnitine on cardiac mitochondrial function and structure against fatty acidstress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Aug 19;412(1):61-7.

[2]. Li J, et al. l-carnitine protects human hepatocytes from oxidative stress-induced toxicity through Akt-mediated activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2016 May;94(5):517-25.

[3]. Jang J, et al. l-Carnitine supplement reduces skeletal muscle atrophy induced by prolonged hindlimb suspension in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Dec;41(12):1240-1247.

[4]. Zambrano S, et al. L-carnitine attenuates the development of kidney fibrosis in hypertensive rats by upregulating PPAR-γ. Am J Hypertens. 2014 Mar;27(3):460-70.

[相关活性小分子]

DL-肉碱盐酸盐物理化学性质

[ 熔点 ]:
190-205ºC

[ 分子式 ]:
C₇H₁₆ClNO₃

[ 分子量 ]:
197.660

[ 精确质量 ]:
197.081863

[ PSA ]:
57.53000

[ 外观性状 ]:
结晶固体,带有淡似鱼的气味

[ 储存条件 ]:
库房低温通风干燥

[ 水溶解性 ]:
SOLUBLE

DL-肉碱盐酸盐MSDS

详细MSDS(安全技术说明书)

DL-肉碱盐酸盐毒性和生态

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: BP2979140

CHEMICAL NAME :: Ammonium, (3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethyl-, chloride, (+-)-

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 461-05-2

LAST UPDATED :: 199701

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 3

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C7-H16-N-O3.Cl

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 10 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: ABMGAJ Acta Biologica et Medica Germanica. (Berlin, Ger. Dem. Rep.) V.1-41, 1958-82. For publisher information, see BBIADT. Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,28,1959

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 6 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - fluid intake Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis

REFERENCE :: ABMGAJ Acta Biologica et Medica Germanica. (Berlin, Ger. Dem. Rep.) V.1-41, 1958-82. For publisher information, see BBIADT. Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,28,1959

DL-肉碱盐酸盐安全信息

[ 个人防护装备 ]:
dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Gloves

[ 危害码 (欧洲) ]:
Xi:Irritant

[ 风险声明 (欧洲) ]:
R36/37/38

[ 安全声明 (欧洲) ]:
S26-S37/39

[ 危险品运输编码 ]:
NONH for all modes of transport

[ WGK德国 ]:
3

[ RTECS号 ]:
BP2979140

[ 海关编码 ]:
2923900090

DL-肉碱盐酸盐合成路线

详细合成路线

DL-肉碱盐酸盐上下游产品

DL-肉碱盐酸盐上游产品

DL-肉碱盐酸盐下游产品

DL-肉碱盐酸盐海关

[ 海关编码 ]: 2923900090

[ 中文概述 ]:
2923900090 其他季铵盐及季铵碱。监管条件:无。增值税率:17.0%。退税率:9.0%。最惠国关税:6.5%。普通关税:30.0%

[ 申报要素 ]: 品名, 成分含量, 用途

[ Summary ]:
2923900090 other quaternary ammonium salts and hydroxides。Supervision conditions:None。VAT:17.0%。Tax rebate rate:9.0%。MFN tariff:6.5%。General tariff:30.0%

DL-肉碱盐酸盐文献

Fenofibrate causes elevation of betaine excretion but not excretion of other osmolytes by healthy adults.

J. Clin. Lipidol. 8(4) , 433-40, (2014)

Cross-sectional data suggest that bezafibrate increases betaine excretion in dyslipidemic patients.We aimed to demonstrate that fenofibrate induces increased betaine excretion in normal subjects and e...

Extreme urinary betaine losses in type 2 diabetes combined with bezafibrate treatment are associated with losses of dimethylglycine and choline but not with increased losses of other osmolytes.

Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 28(5) , 459-68, (2014)

Betaine deficiency is a probable cardiovascular risk factor and a cause of elevated homocysteine. Urinary betaine excretion is increased by fibrate treatment, and is also often elevated in diabetes. D...

Carnitine transporter CT2 (SLC22A16) is over-expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and target knockdown reduces growth and viability of AML cells.

Apoptosis 20 , 1099-108, (2015)

AML (acute myeloid leukemia) cells have a unique reliance on mitochondrial metabolism and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Thus, blocking FAO is a potential therapeutic strategy to target these malignant c...

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