Mitophagy is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy.

Mitochondria are essential organelles that regulate cellular energy homeostasis and cell death. The removal of damaged mitochondria through autophagy, a process called mitophagy, is thus critical for maintaining proper cellular functions. Indeed, mitophagy has been recently proposed to play critical roles in terminal differentiation of red blood cells, paternal mitochondrial degradation, neurodegenerative diseases, and ischemia or drug-induced tissue injury.

Autophagy and mitophagy are important cellular processes that are responsible for breaking down cellular contents, preserving energy and safeguarding against accumulation of damaged and aggregated biomolecules.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
Autophagy LRRK2 ULK Mitophagy
Cell Cycle/DNA Damage >
Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
Cytoskeleton >
Arp2/3 Complex Dynamin Gap Junction Protein Integrin Kinesin Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Myosin PAK
Epigenetics >
AMPK Aurora Kinase DNA Methyltransferase Epigenetic Reader Domain HDAC Histone Acetyltransferase Histone Demethylase Histone Methyltransferase JAK MicroRNA PARP PKC Sirtuin Protein Arginine Deiminase
GPCR/G Protein >
5-HT Receptor Adenosine Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Adiponectin Receptor Adrenergic Receptor Angiotensin Receptor Bombesin Receptor Bradykinin Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor CaSR CCR CGRP Receptor Cholecystokinin Receptor CRFR CXCR Dopamine Receptor EBI2/GPR183 Endothelin Receptor GHSR Glucagon Receptor Glucocorticoid Receptor GNRH Receptor GPCR19 GPR109A GPR119 GPR120 GPR139 GPR40 GPR55 GPR84 Guanylate Cyclase Histamine Receptor Imidazoline Receptor Leukotriene Receptor LPL Receptor mAChR MCHR1 (GPR24) Melatonin Receptor mGluR Motilin Receptor Neurokinin Receptor Neuropeptide Y Receptor Neurotensin Receptor Opioid Receptor Orexin Receptor (OX Receptor) Oxytocin Receptor P2Y Receptor Prostaglandin Receptor Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) Ras RGS Protein Sigma Receptor Somatostatin Receptor TSH Receptor Urotensin Receptor Vasopressin Receptor Melanocortin Receptor
Immunology/Inflammation >
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor CCR Complement System COX CXCR FLAP Histamine Receptor IFNAR Interleukin Related IRAK MyD88 NO Synthase NOD-like Receptor (NLR) PD-1/PD-L1 PGE synthase Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) SPHK STING Thrombopoietin Receptor Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Arginase
JAK/STAT Signaling >
EGFR JAK Pim STAT
MAPK/ERK Pathway >
ERK JNK KLF MAP3K MAP4K MAPKAPK2 (MK2) MEK Mixed Lineage Kinase MNK p38 MAPK Raf Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >
ATP Synthase BCRP Calcium Channel CFTR Chloride Channel CRAC Channel CRM1 EAAT2 GABA Receptor GlyT HCN Channel iGluR Monoamine Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Na+/HCO3- Cotransporter Na+/K+ ATPase nAChR NKCC P-glycoprotein P2X Receptor Potassium Channel Proton Pump SGLT Sodium Channel TRP Channel URAT1
Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
PROTAC >
PROTAC E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate Ligand for E3 Ligase PROTAC Linker PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
Ack1 ALK Bcr-Abl BMX Kinase Btk c-Fms c-Kit c-Met/HGFR Discoidin Domain Receptor DYRK EGFR Ephrin Receptor FAK FGFR FLT3 IGF-1R Insulin Receptor IRAK Itk PDGFR PKA Pyk2 ROS Src Syk TAM Receptor Trk Receptor VEGFR
Stem Cell/Wnt >
Casein Kinase ERK Gli GSK-3 Hedgehog Hippo (MST) JAK Notch Oct3/4 PKA Porcupine ROCK sFRP-1 Smo STAT TGF-beta/Smad Wnt YAP β-catenin γ-secretase
TGF-beta/Smad >
TGF-beta/Smad PKC ROCK TGF-β Receptor
Vitamin D Related >
VD/VDR
Others >
Androgen Receptor Aromatase Estrogen Receptor/ERR Progesterone Receptor Thyroid Hormone Receptor Others

Esmolol-d7 (hydrochloride)

Esmolol-d7 hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Esmolol hydrochloride. Esmolol hydrochloride is a beta adrenergic receptor blocker[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1346598-13-7
  • MF: C16H19D7ClNO4
  • MW: 338.878
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

U0126

U0126 is a potent, non-ATP competitive and selective MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor, with IC50s of 72 nM and 58 nM, respectively. U0126 is an autophagy and mitophagy inhibitor[1][2][3][4].

  • CAS Number: 109511-58-2
  • MF: C18H16N6S2
  • MW: 380.490
  • Catalog: Influenza Virus
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 565.1±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 295.6±30.1 °C

Simvastatin-d3

Simvastatin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Simvastatin[1]. Simvastatin (MK 733) is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with a Ki of 0.2 nM[2].

  • CAS Number: 1002347-61-6
  • MF: C25H35D3O5
  • MW: 421.58500
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Olanzapine

Olanzapine(LY170053) is a high affinity for 5-HT2 serotonin and D2 dopamine receptor antagonist.IC50 Value:Target: 5-HT ReceptorOlanzapine is a thienobenzodiazepine that blocks especially the serontonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) 5-HT2A and the dopamine D2 receptors (Ki values are 4 and 11 nM respectively) as well as muscarinic (M1), histamine (H1), 5-HT2C, 5-HT3 to 5-HT6, adrenergic (α(l)), and D4 receptors. Atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia. Olanzapine displays anticholinergic properties.

  • CAS Number: 132539-06-1
  • MF: C17H20N4S
  • MW: 312.432
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 476.0±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 195°C
  • Flash Point: 241.7±31.5 °C

Etoposide

Etoposide is a chemotherapy medication used for the treatments of a number of types of cancer. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA.

  • CAS Number: 33419-42-0
  • MF: C29H32O13
  • MW: 588.557
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 798.1±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 236-251ºC
  • Flash Point: 263.6±26.4 °C

Doxorubicin Hydrochloride

Doxorubicin hydrochloride is a cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic for the treatment of multiple cancers. The possible mechanisms by which doxorubicin acts in the cancer cell are intercalation into DNA and disruption of topoisomerase-II-mediated DNA repair.

  • CAS Number: 25316-40-9
  • MF: C27H30ClNO11
  • MW: 579.980
  • Catalog: ADC Cytotoxin
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 810.3ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 216ºC
  • Flash Point: 443.8ºC

MTX115325

MTX115325 (Example 1) is an orally active, brain-penetrating USP30 inhibitor (IC50=12 nM) with neuroprotective activity. MTX115325 increases ubiquitination (EC50=32 nM) of the mitochondrial outer membrane protein TOM20 (a USP30 substrate), increasing mitophagy. MTX115325 prevents dopaminergic neuron loss and preserves striatal dopamine[1].

  • CAS Number: 2750895-97-5
  • MF: C18H16N6O2
  • MW: 348.36
  • Catalog: Deubiquitinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Salicylic acid

Salicylic acid inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity independently of transcription factor (NF-κB) activation.

  • CAS Number: 69-72-7
  • MF: C7H6O3
  • MW: 138.121
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.44
  • Boiling Point: 211 ºC (20 mmHg)
  • Melting Point: 158-161 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 157 ºC

ABT-737

ABT-737 is a selective and BH3 mimetic Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w inhibitor with EC50s of 78.7 nM, 30.3 nM and 197.8 nM, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 852808-04-9
  • MF: C42H45ClN6O5S2
  • MW: 813.427
  • Catalog: Bcl-2 Family
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 152-154ºC
  • Flash Point: N/A

3-Methyladenine

3-Methyladenine is a PI3K inhibitor. 3-Methyladenine is a widely used inhibitor of autophagy via its inhibitory effect on class III PI3K.

  • CAS Number: 5142-23-4
  • MF: C6H7N5
  • MW: 149.153
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 240.1±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: -300ºC (dec.)(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 99.0±30.1 °C

Metformin HCl

Metformin (hydrochloride) is an FDA approved first-line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, mostly through a mild and transient inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory-chain complex 1.

  • CAS Number: 1115-70-4
  • MF: C4H12ClN5
  • MW: 165.625
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 224.1ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 223-226 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 89.3ºC

Olanzapine D3

Olanzapine D3 (LY170053 D3) is the deuterium labeled Olanzapine. Olanzapine is 5-HT2 and D1/D2 antagonist. Olanzapine is an antipsychotic agent with anticholinergic properties[1]. Olanzapine induces autophagy, mitochondrial damage and mitophagy in human SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line[2].

  • CAS Number: 786686-79-1
  • MF: C17H17D3N4S
  • MW: 315.45100
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.337g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 476.035ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 188-190ºC
  • Flash Point: 241.697ºC

Quercetin (hydrate)

Quercetin hydrate, a natural flavonoid, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM and 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respectively[1].

  • CAS Number: 849061-97-8
  • MF: C15H10O7.x H2O
  • MW: 320.251
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 714.6ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: >300ºC
  • Flash Point: 386ºC

Celastrol

Tripterin (Celastrol) is a proteasome inhibitor which potently and preferentially inhibits the chymotrypsin-like activity of a purified 20S proteasome with IC50 of 2.5 μM.

  • CAS Number: 34157-83-0
  • MF: C29H38O4
  • MW: 450.610
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 645.7±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 185-200ºC
  • Flash Point: 358.3±28.0 °C

Hemin

Hemin is an iron-containing porphyrin. Hemin is an Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 inducer.

  • CAS Number: 16009-13-5
  • MF: C34H32ClFeN4O4
  • MW: 651.940
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 300 °C
  • Flash Point: N/A

17-AAG

17-AAG is a potent HSP90 inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 nM, having a 100-fold higher binding affinity for tumour cell derived HSP90 than normal cell derived HSP90.

  • CAS Number: 75747-14-7
  • MF: C31H43N3O8
  • MW: 585.688
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 797.8±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 201-203ºC
  • Flash Point: 436.3±32.9 °C

Cresol

Cresol is organic compound,is a widely occurring natural and manufactured group of aromatic organic compounds.

  • CAS Number: 1319-77-3
  • MF: C7H8O
  • MW: 108.138
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 191.0±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: -1--2°C
  • Flash Point: 81.1±0.0 °C

Melatonin D5

Melatonin D5 is deuterium labeled Melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activates melatonin receptor. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties[1][2][3]. Melatonin is a selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation[4].

  • CAS Number: 66521-38-8
  • MF: C13H12D4N2O2
  • MW: 236.30300
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.196g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 512.831ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 117-118ºC
  • Flash Point: 263.951ºC

Dexamethasone-d4

Dexamethasone-d4 is deuterium labeled Dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.

  • CAS Number: 2305607-27-4
  • MF: C22H25D4FO5
  • MW: 396.49
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

3-Methyladenine-d3

3-Methyladenine-d3 is the deuterium labeled 3-Methyladenine[1]. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is a PI3K inhibitor. 3-Methyladenine is a widely used inhibitor of autophagy via its inhibitory effect on class III PI3K[2].

  • CAS Number: 110953-39-4
  • MF: C6H4D3N5
  • MW: 152.17200
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Resveratrol

Resveratrol (SRT 501), a natural polyphenol that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. It has a wide spectrum of targets including mTOR, JAK, β-amyloid.

  • CAS Number: 501-36-0
  • MF: C14H12O3
  • MW: 228.243
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 449.1±14.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 253-255°C
  • Flash Point: 222.3±14.7 °C

Pitavastatin sodium

Pitavastatin (NK-104) sodium is a potent hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin sodium inhibits cholesterol synthesis from acetic acid with an IC50 of 5.8 nM in HepG2 cells. Pitavastatin sodium is an efficient hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) receptor inducer. Pitavastatin sodium also possesses anti-atherosclerotic, anti-asthmatic, anti-osteoarthritis, antineoplastic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and reno-protective effects[1][2][3][8].

  • CAS Number: 574705-92-3
  • MF: C25H23FNNaO4
  • MW: 443.44300
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

ginsenoside Rb1

Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 .

  • CAS Number: 41753-43-9
  • MF: C54H92O23
  • MW: 1109.295
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 1145.9±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 646.8±34.3 °C

Carbamazepine-d8

Carbamazepine-d8 is the deuterium labeled Carbamazepine. Carbamazepine, a sodium channel blocker, is an anticonvulsant drug, with an IC50 of 131 μM[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1538624-35-9
  • MF: C15H4D8N2O
  • MW: 244.32
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Acadesine (AICAR)

AICAR is a cell-permeable AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator.

  • CAS Number: 2627-69-2
  • MF: C9H14N4O5
  • MW: 258.231
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 2.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 726.3±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 214-215 °C
  • Flash Point: 393.1±32.9 °C

AICAR phosphate

AICAR phosphate is an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), down-regulates the insulin receptor expression in HepG2 cells.

  • CAS Number: 681006-28-0
  • MF: C9H17N4O9P
  • MW: 356.23
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Curcumin D6

Curcumin D6 (Diferuloylmethane D6) is a deuterium labeled Curcumin (Turmeric yellow). Curcumin (Turmeric yellow) is a natural phenolic compound with diverse pharmacologic effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities. Curcumin is an inhibitor of p300 histone acetylatransferase (HATs) and also shows inhibitory effects on NF-κB and MAPKs.

  • CAS Number: 1246833-26-0
  • MF: C21H14D6O6
  • MW: 374.41700
  • Catalog: Influenza Virus
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Olaparib (AZD2281)

Olaparib (AZD2281;KU0059436) is a potent and oral PARP inhibitor with IC50s of 5 and 1 nM for PARP1 and PARP2, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 763113-22-0
  • MF: C24H23FN4O3
  • MW: 434.463
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Ruxolitinib phosphate

Ruxolitinib phosphate is a potent JAK1/2 inhibitor with IC50s of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM, respectively, showing more than 130-fold selectivity over JAK3.

  • CAS Number: 1092939-17-7
  • MF: C17H21N6O4P
  • MW: 404.360
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Pitavastatin calcium

Pitavastatin Calcium is a potent hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin inhibits cholesterol synthesis from acetic acid with an IC50 of 5.8 nM in HepG2 cells.

  • CAS Number: 147526-32-7
  • MF: C25H23FNO4.1/2Ca
  • MW: 440.49
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 692ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 372.3ºC