Microbiological reagent

Microbiology is a discipline that studies the morphology, structure, classification, genetic variation, physiological and biochemical activities of microorganisms, and is also a branch of biology. In the 1860s, due to the development of the wine industry and the silk industry, the research on microorganisms was further promoted and the rise of microbiology was promoted. French microbiologist Pasteur (L. 1822-1895) has proved through many years of experiments that wine, vinegar and other brewing processes are caused by microorganisms, rather than fermentation, and that different fermentations are caused by different kinds of microorganisms. As a result, alcoholic acid is the result of the reproduction of harmful microorganisms, and scientific disinfection methods are proposed. In the study of silkworm disease, chicken cholera, anthracnose and rabies, it was confirmed that infectious diseases were caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, it is recognized that Pasteur is the founder of microbiology. The subjects of microbiology research are a group of small cells with simple, single cells or simple individual structures, even lower organisms without cell structure. They belong to the virus community, the prokaryote community, the eukaryotic protist community and the fungi community in the taxonomic system. Including bacteria, actinomycetes, molds, yeasts, spirochetes, rickettsia, thick bodies, viruses, and the like. The methods of microbiology research mainly include: (1) Classification and identification. Optical microscopy (usually suspending the organism in the liquid; second, fixed staining of the smear) is used to observe the morphological characteristics of the microorganism. (2) Inoculation, separation, and purification. (3) Determination of growth and reproduction and physiological and biochemical reactions. Since the 20th century, due to the invention of electron microscopy, the use of isotope tracer atoms has greatly promoted the study of microorganisms and promoted the rapid development of microbiology theoretical research. The main contents of microbiology are: (1) Studying the morphology, structure, and classification of microorganisms; (2) Studying the laws of physiological and biochemical reactions, growth and reproduction, and genetic variation of microorganisms. (3) Study the ecology of microorganisms and the relationship between microorganisms and other organisms. (4) Study the application of microorganisms in agriculture, industry, environmental protection, and medical and health services. Microorganisms are widely distributed in nature. Therefore, the activities of microorganisms are closely related to people's lives and production. Some microorganisms can cause infectious diseases of humans, animals and plants. But most microorganisms are beneficial or harmless to people, animals and plants. They have been widely used in industrial and agricultural production. Some applications are direct use of their cells, some use their metabolites or metabolic activities, and many microorganisms have been used to process or produce a variety of foods, drugs, chemical raw materials, biological products, feed, pesticides and so on. Microbiology is both an applied discipline and a basic discipline. Microbiology is an important part of biology, and it is often associated with molecular biology. It has important significance in exploring the nature of life, the laws of biological activities, the origin and evolution of biology. Due to the simple structure of microorganisms, rapid growth and reproduction, easy cultivation and the convenience of application of mutants, they have become a good material for many basic problems in research biology.