Pentoxifylline

[Description]:

Pentoxifylline is a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor.Target: PDEPentoxifylline is a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises intracellular cAMP, activates PKA, inhibits TNF and leukotriene synthesis, and reduces inflammation and innate immunity. In addition, pentoxifylline improves red blood cell deformability, reduces blood viscosity and decreases the potential for platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. Pentoxifylline is also an antagonist at adenosine 2 receptors [1]. Pentoxifylline is generally well tolerated. Based on the totality of the available evidence, it is possible that pentoxifylline could have a place in the treatment of IC as a means of improving walking distance and as a complimentary treatment assuming all other essential measures such as lifestyle change, exercise and treatment for secondary prevention have been taken into account [2]. Pentoxifylline reduce AST and ALT levels and may improve liver histological scores in patients with NALFD/NASH, but did not appear to affect cytokines. Large, prospective, and well-designed randomized, controlled studies are needed to address this issue [3].

[Related Catalog]:

Signaling Pathways >> Autophagy >> Autophagy

Signaling Pathways >> Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >> Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Research Areas >> Cardiovascular Disease

[References]

[1]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentoxifylline

[2]. Salhiyyah, K., et al., Pentoxifylline for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012. 1: p. CD005262.

[3]. Li, W., et al., Systematic review on the treatment of pentoxifylline in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids Health Dis, 2011. 10: p. 49.

[Related Small Molecules]

[ Density]:
1.3±0.1 g/cm3

[ Boiling Point ]:
531.3±56.0 °C at 760 mmHg

[ Melting Point ]:
98-100°C

[ Molecular Formula ]:
C₁₃H₁₈N₄O₃

[ Molecular Weight ]:
278.307

[ Flash Point ]:
275.1±31.8 °C

[ Exact Mass ]:
278.137878

[ PSA ]:
78.89000

[ LogP ]:
0.32

[ Vapour Pressure ]:
0.0±1.4 mmHg at 25°C

[ Index of Refraction ]:
1.621

[ Storage condition ]:
Store at RT

[ Water Solubility ]:
H2O: ≥43 mg/mL

Click to get detail MSDS

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: XH2475000

CHEMICAL NAME :: Theobromine, 1-(5-oxohexyl)-

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 6493-05-6

BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :: 0558929

LAST UPDATED :: 199612

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 24

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C13-H18-N4-O3

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 278.35

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :: T56 BN DN FNVNVJ B1 F1 H4V1

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 80 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Cardiac - pulse rate

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 1170 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 230 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 375 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 231 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 1225 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 239 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 480 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 108 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :: 100 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 36400 mg/kg/26W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands Related to Chronic Data - death

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 9100 mg/kg/13W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, other (after systemic exposure)

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 3 gm/kg/30D-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Related to Chronic Data - death

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 6270 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 6-16 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

DOSE :: 4500 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: male 30 day(s) pre-mating

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Paternal Effects - prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

DOSE :: 300 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 9-14 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

DOSE :: 78 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 6-18 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

MUTATION DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: Mutation in mammalian somatic cells

TEST SYSTEM :: Rodent - hamster Lung

DOSE/DURATION :: 10 gm/L

REFERENCE :: NEOLA4 Neoplasma. (Karger-Libri, P.O. Box, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland) V.4- 1957- Volume(issue)/page/year: 33,699,1986

[ Symbol ]:

GHS07

[ Signal Word ]:
Warning

[ Hazard Statements ]:
H302

[ Precautionary Statements ]:
P301 + P312 + P330

[ Personal Protective Equipment ]:
dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Gloves

[ Hazard Codes ]:
Xn

[ Risk Phrases ]:
R22

[ Safety Phrases ]:
S36

[ RIDADR ]:
NONH for all modes of transport

[ WGK Germany ]:
3

[ RTECS ]:
XH2475000

[ HS Code ]:
2933990090

Click to get detail synthetic route

Precursor

DownStream

[ HS Code ]: 2933990090

[ Summary ]:
2933990090. heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atom(s) only. VAT:17.0%. Tax rebate rate:13.0%. . MFN tariff:6.5%. General tariff:20.0%

Modulation of cytochrome P450 2A5 activity by lipopolysaccharide: low-dose effects and non-monotonic dose-response relationship.

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Mouse cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A5 is induced by inflammatory conditions and infectious diseases that down-regulate the expression and activity of most other CYP isoforms. Enhanced oxidative stress and n...

Plasma matrix metalloproteinase activity in horses after intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide and treatment with matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors.

Am. J. Vet. Res. 74(3) , 473-80, (2013)

To establish an in vivo method for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 induction in horses via IV administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to evaluate the ability of doxycycline, oxytetra...

Pentoxifylline for slow to resolve hepatopulmonary syndrome post liver transplantation: helpful or unnecessary?

Acta Gastroenterol. Belg. 76(1) , 70-1, (2013)

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