dl-methionine methylsulfonium chloride

Vitamin U (S-Methylmethionine sulfonium) chloride is an orally active anti-ulcer agent with antioxidant activity. Vitamin U inhibits adipocyte differentiation. Vitamin U promotes skin wound healing.Vitamin U can be used in the research of gastrointestinal ulceration[1][2][3][4][5].

Signaling Pathways >> Others >> Others

Research Areas >> Inflammation/Immunology

Vitamin U chloride (100 μM, 24 h) promotes the growth and migration of human dermal fibroblasts(hDFs)[1]. Vitamin U chloride (0-1 mM, 24 h) activates ERK1/2 in hDFs[1]. Vitamin U chloride (0.1 g/L in the nutrient solution) reduces cell membrane damage in higher plants exposed to low-temperature stress[2]. Vitamin U chloride (10-100 mM, 7 days) inhibits adipocyte differentiation via down-regulation of adipogenic factors and up-regulation of AMPK activity[3]. Cell Proliferation Assay[1] Cell Line: Human dermal fibroblasts(hDFs) Concentration: 100 μM Incubation Time: 24 h Result: Promoted hDFs proliferation. Western Blot Analysis[3] Cell Line: 3T3-L1 cells Concentration: 50, 70, 90 mM Incubation Time: 7 days Result: Increased AMPK phosphorylation and decreased PPAR-γ levels.

Vitamin U chloride (50 mg/kg, oral gavage) prevents valproic acid-induced liver injury in rats[4]. Vitamin U chloride (50 mg/kg, oral gavage for 3 days) shows antioxidant effect and prevents GalN-induced gastric damage in rats[5]. Animal Model: Valproic acid (VPA)-induced rats with liver damage[4] Dosage: 50 mg/kg Administration: Oral gavage Result: Blocked the decrease in catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Increased in the levels of IL-1β, active caspase-3, and cytoplasmic cytochrome c. Increased in the number of proliferating cells nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive hepatocytes.

[1]. Won-Serk Kim, et al. Accelerated wound healing by S-methylmethionine sulfonium: evidence of dermal fibroblast activation via the ERK1/2 pathway. Pharmacology. 2010;85(2):68-76.

[2]. Ilona Rácz, et al. S-methylmethionine reduces cell membrane damage in higher plants exposed to low-temperature stress. J Plant Physiol. 2008 Sep 29;165(14):1483-90.

[3]. Na Young Lee, et al. Inhibitory Effect of Vitamin U (S-Methylmethionine Sulfonium Chloride) on Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Pre-adipocyte Cell Lines. Ann Dermatol. 2012 Feb;24(1):39-44.

[4]. Ertan Celik, et al. Vitamin U prevents valproic acid-induced liver injury through supporting enzymatic antioxidant system and increasing hepatocyte proliferation triggered by inflammation and apoptosis. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2021 Oct;31(8):600-608.

[5]. Dileknur Topaloglu, et al. Gastroprotective effect of vitamin U in D-galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2022 Sep;36(9):e23124.

MOLECULAR FORMULA :

C6-H14-N-O2-S.Cl

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

199.72

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

QVYZ2S1&1 &G &6/12

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

>6 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,835,1982

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

>6 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,835,1982

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

432 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,835,1982

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

>6 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,835,1982

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

>6 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,835,1982

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

259 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,835,1982