Journal of the American Heart Association Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease 2014-12-01

Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase activation by Alda-1 inhibits atherosclerosis and attenuates hepatic steatosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice.

Aneta Stachowicz, Rafał Olszanecki, Maciej Suski, Anna Wiśniewska, Justyna Totoń-Żurańska, Józef Madej, Jacek Jawień, Magdalena Białas, Krzysztof Okoń, Mariusz Gajda, Katarzyna Głombik, Agnieszka Basta-Kaim, Ryszard Korbut

Index: J. Am. Heart Assoc. 3(6) , e001329, (2014)

Full Text: HTML

Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), an enzyme responsible for the detoxification of reactive aldehydes, is considered to exert protective function in mitochondria. We investigated the influence of Alda-1, an activator of ALDH2, on atherogenesis and on the liver steatosis in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice.Alda-1 caused decrease of atherosclerotic lesions approximately 25% as estimated by "en face" and "cross-section" methods without influence on plasma lipid profile, atherosclerosis-related markers of inflammation, and macrophage and smooth muscle content in the plaques. Plaque nitrotyrosine was not changed upon Alda-1 treatment, and there were no changes in aortic mRNA levels of factors involved in antioxidative defense, regulation of apoptosis, mitogenesis, and autophagy. Hematoxylin/eosin staining showed decrease of steatotic changes in liver of Alda-1-treated apoE(-/-) mice. Alda-1 attenuated formation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) protein adducts and decreased triglyceride content in liver tissue. Two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry identified 20 differentially expressed mitochondrial proteins upon Alda-1 treatment in liver of apoE(-/-) mice, mostly proteins related to metabolism and oxidative stress. The most up-regulated were the proteins that participated in beta oxidation of fatty acids.Collectively, Alda-1 inhibited atherosclerosis and attenuated NAFLD in apoE(-/-) mice. The pattern of changes suggests a beneficial effect of Alda-1 in NAFLD; however, the exact liver functional consequences of the revealed alterations as well as the mechanism(s) of antiatherosclerotic Alda-1 action require further investigation.© 2014 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley Blackwell.