Free radical-induced oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty esters in low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) generates 2-lysophosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol esters of γ-hydroxy-α, β- unsaturated aldehydic acids that covalently modify LDL protein, and protein adducts of the corresponding acids are found in human blood. The chemistry and structures of these compounds resemble those of (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), previously considered the ...