Many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR), have been shown to be allosterically modulated by small molecule ligands. So far, in the absence of structural information, the exact location of the allosteric site on the A1AR is not known. We synthesized a series of bivalent ligands (4) with an increasing linker length between the orthosteric and allosteric pharmacophores and used these as tools to search ...