Procedure for the Rate Study. The reduction of phenylmalonic acid is representative. Two 50- mL round-bottom flasks with side arm were dried in an oven and cooled down in a dry nitrogen atmosphere. The first flask was equipped with a rubber syringe cap, a magnetic stirring bar, and a reflux condenser, connected to a gas buret. Then 3 mL (1.5 mmol) of a 0.5 M solution of phenylmalonic acid was injected into the reaction flask, followed by 4.5 mL of ...