Valproic acid
Names
[ CAS No. ]:
99-66-1
[ Name ]:
Valproic acid
[Synonym ]:
Pentanoic acid, 2-propyl-
Mylproin
Ergenyl
MFCD00879852
2-Propylpentanoic acid
2-Propylvaleric Acid
Depakine
di-n-propyl-acetic acid
Valproic acid
Depakene
2-n-Propylpentanoic acid
Valproate
[3H]-Valproic acid
Convulex
Valeric acid, 2-propyl-
Valproic-250
2,2-BIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PROPIONIC ACID
Dipropylacetic acid
[14C]-Valproic acid
2-propyl-pentanoic acid
EINECS 202-777-3
sodium valproate
Biological Activity
[Description]:
[Related Catalog]:
[Target]
HDAC1:400 μM (IC50)
HDAC:0.5-2 mM (IC50)
HDAC2
Autophagy
Mitophagy
[In Vitro]
[In Vivo]
[Kinase Assay]
[Cell Assay]
[Animal admin]
[References]
[Related Small Molecules]
Chemical & Physical Properties
[ Density]:
0.9±0.1 g/cm3
[ Boiling Point ]:
220.0±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
[ Melting Point ]:
120 - 130ºC
[ Molecular Formula ]:
C8H16O2
[ Molecular Weight ]:
144.211
[ Flash Point ]:
111.1±0.0 °C
[ Exact Mass ]:
144.115036
[ PSA ]:
37.30000
[ LogP ]:
2.72
[ Vapour Pressure ]:
0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
[ Index of Refraction ]:
1.435
[ Water Solubility ]:
slightly soluble
MSDS
Toxicological Information
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION
- RTECS NUMBER :
- YV7875000
- CHEMICAL NAME :
- Valeric acid, 2-propyl-
- CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
- 99-66-1
- BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :
- 1750447
- LAST UPDATED :
- 199712
- DATA ITEMS CITED :
- 43
- MOLECULAR FORMULA :
- C8-H16-O2
- MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
- 144.24
- WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :
- QVY3&3
HEALTH HAZARD DATA
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - child
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 375 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP Vascular - BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis
- REFERENCE :
- CCMDC7 Critical Care Medicine. (Williams & Wilkins, 428 E. Preston Street, Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1973- Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,299,1993
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - child
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 412 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - coma Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
- REFERENCE :
- JATOD3 Journal of Analytical Toxicology. (Preston Pub. Inc., POB 48312, Niles, IL 60648) V.1- 1977- Volume(issue)/page/year: 20,55,1996
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - child
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 10500 mg/kg/30W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of endocrine pancreas Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
- REFERENCE :
- AJDCAI American Journal of Diseases of Children. (AMA, 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60610) V.1-80(3), 1911-50; V.100- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 138,912,1984
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 21 mg/kg/2D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - other changes
- REFERENCE :
- NEURAI Neurology. (Modern Medicine Pub., Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 37,886,1987
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - child
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1800 mg/kg/60D
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of endocrine pancreas Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
- REFERENCE :
- LANCAO Lancet. (7 Adam St., London WC2N 6AD, UK) V.1- 1823- Volume(issue)/page/year: 1,1196,1980
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 13333 ug/kg/D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - sleep
- REFERENCE :
- NEJMAG New England Journal of Medicine. (Massachusetts Medical Soc., 10 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115) V.198- 1928- Volume(issue)/page/year: 301,435,1979
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 670 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea
- REFERENCE :
- FCTXAV Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7. Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,327,1964
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1098 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- EPXXDW European Patent Application. (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Foreign Patents, Washington, DC 20231) Volume(issue)/page/year: #78785
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 470 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- CHTPBA Chimica Therapeutica. (Paris, France) V.1-8, 1965-73. For publisher information, see EJMCA5. Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,430,1968
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 860 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- 85GNAW "Pharmacodynamie de l'Acide Dipropylacetique (ou Propyl-2-Pentanoique) et de ses Amides," Carraz, G., Imprimerie Eymond, 1968 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,38,1968
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1200 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- 85GNAW "Pharmacodynamie de l'Acide Dipropylacetique (ou Propyl-2-Pentanoique) et de ses Amides," Carraz, G., Imprimerie Eymond, 1968 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,39,1968
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - guinea pig
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 824 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- 85GNAW "Pharmacodynamie de l'Acide Dipropylacetique (ou Propyl-2-Pentanoique) et de ses Amides," Carraz, G., Imprimerie Eymond, 1968 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,39,1968 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 5480 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 1-39 week(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - cardiovascular (circulatory) system
- REFERENCE :
- AEPEDI Anales Espanoles de Pediatria. (Asociacion Espanola de Pediatria, Apartado 1176, 28028 Madrid, Spain) V.1- 1968- Volume(issue)/page/year: 39,19,1993
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 720 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 1-90 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
- REFERENCE :
- CPEDAM Clinical Pediatrics (Philadelphia). (Lippincott/Harper, Journal Fulfillment Dept., 2350 Virginia Ave., Hagerstown, MD 21740) V.1- 1962- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,336,1983
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 6525 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 26 week(s) pre-mating female 1-36 week(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - physical
- REFERENCE :
- CPEDAM Clinical Pediatrics (Philadelphia). (Lippincott/Harper, Journal Fulfillment Dept., 2350 Virginia Ave., Hagerstown, MD 21740) V.1- 1962- Volume(issue)/page/year: 23,352,1984
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- DOSE :
- 126 gm/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 1-18 week(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
- REFERENCE :
- FDTHES Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy (Basel). (S. Karger, Postfach. CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland) V.5- 1990- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9,155,1994
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- DOSE :
- 2394 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 1-36 week(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - Apgar score (human only)
- REFERENCE :
- JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 219,768,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- DOSE :
- 2047 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 27-40 week(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - physical
- REFERENCE :
- JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 219,768,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- DOSE :
- 5320 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 2-39 week(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
- REFERENCE :
- JOPDAB Journal of Pediatrics. (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial Dr., St. Louis, MO 63141) V.1- 1932- Volume(issue)/page/year: 97,332,1980
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- DOSE :
- 5320 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 2-39 week(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - skin and skin appendages Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - cardiovascular (circulatory) system
- REFERENCE :
- JOPDAB Journal of Pediatrics. (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial Dr., St. Louis, MO 63141) V.1- 1932- Volume(issue)/page/year: 97,332,1980
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- DOSE :
- 5320 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 2-39 week(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)
- REFERENCE :
- JOPDAB Journal of Pediatrics. (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial Dr., St. Louis, MO 63141) V.1- 1932- Volume(issue)/page/year: 97,332,1980
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 600 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 13 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
- REFERENCE :
- TJADAB Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1968- Volume(issue)/page/year: 45,603,1992
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 34 gm/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- male 60 day(s) pre-mating female 2 week(s) pre-mating - 1 day(s) post-birth
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
- REFERENCE :
- PBPSDY Pharmacological and Biochemical Properties of Drug Substances. (American Pharmaceutical Assoc., 2215 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20037) V.1- 1977- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,58,1979
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 2400 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 7-18 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
- REFERENCE :
- NETEEC Neurotoxicology and Teratology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.9- 1987- Volume(issue)/page/year: 13,471,1991
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 6 gm/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 8-17 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - cardiovascular (circulatory) system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
- REFERENCE :
- TJADAB Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1968- Volume(issue)/page/year: 35,28A,1987
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- DOSE :
- 660 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 10 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities
- REFERENCE :
- ARTODN Archives of Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Pl. 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.32- 1974- Volume(issue)/page/year: 64,545,1990
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 1500 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 6-15 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
- REFERENCE :
- PBPSDY Pharmacological and Biochemical Properties of Drug Substances. (American Pharmaceutical Assoc., 2215 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20037) V.1- 1977- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,58,1979
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 432 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 11-13 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
- REFERENCE :
- TCMUD8 Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1980- Volume(issue)/page/year: 1,367,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 432 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 8-10 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
- REFERENCE :
- TCMUD8 Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1980- Volume(issue)/page/year: 1,367,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 519 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 8-10 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
- REFERENCE :
- TCMUD8 Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1980- Volume(issue)/page/year: 1,367,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 600 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 9 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
- REFERENCE :
- AJMGDA American Journal of Medical Genetics. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 605 Third Ave., New York, NY 10158) V.1- 1977- Volume(issue)/page/year: 70,303,1997
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- DOSE :
- 2400 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 7-14 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
- REFERENCE :
- LANCAO Lancet. (7 Adam St., London WC2N 6AD, UK) V.1- 1823- Volume(issue)/page/year: 1,763,1983
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- DOSE :
- 600 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 8 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities
- REFERENCE :
- TJADAB Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1968- Volume(issue)/page/year: 35,29A,1987
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 18 gm/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 21-50 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
- REFERENCE :
- TJADAB Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1968- Volume(issue)/page/year: 33,45A,1986
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 4550 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 6-18 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
- REFERENCE :
- PBPSDY Pharmacological and Biochemical Properties of Drug Substances. (American Pharmaceutical Assoc., 2215 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20037) V.1- 1977- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,58,1979
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 4550 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 6-18 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - body wall Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - cardiovascular (circulatory) system
- REFERENCE :
- PBPSDY Pharmacological and Biochemical Properties of Drug Substances. (American Pharmaceutical Assoc., 2215 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20037) V.1- 1977- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,58,1979
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 1950 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 6-18 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
- REFERENCE :
- PBPSDY Pharmacological and Biochemical Properties of Drug Substances. (American Pharmaceutical Assoc., 2215 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20037) V.1- 1977- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,58,1979
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- DOSE :
- 945 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 6-8 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
- REFERENCE :
- 36DLAV "Clinical and Pharmacological Aspects of Sodium Valproate (Epilim) in the Treatment of Epilepsy, Proceedings of a Symposium, Nottingham, UK, 1975," Legg, N.J., et al., eds., Kent, UK, MCS Consultants, 1976 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,105,1976
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 300 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 7 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
- REFERENCE :
- TJADAB Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1968- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29(2),47A,1984 *** REVIEWS *** TOXICOLOGY REVIEW JOPDAB Journal of Pediatrics. (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial Dr., St. Louis, MO 63141) V.1- 1932- Volume(issue)/page/year: 97,333,1980 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW PBPSDY Pharmacological and Biochemical Properties of Drug Substances. (American Pharmaceutical Assoc., 2215 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20037) V.1- 1977- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,58,1979 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW APJUA8 Acta Pharmaceutica Jugoslavica. (FDH, Masarykova 2, 41000 Zagreb, Yugoslavia) V.1-41, 1951-1991. Volume(issue)/page/year: 41,79,1991 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X3895 No. of Facilities: 245 (estimated) No. of Industries: 4 No. of Occupations: 6 No. of Employees: 5848 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 3255 (estimated)
Safety Information
[ Symbol ]:
GHS07, GHS08
[ Signal Word ]:
Danger
[ Hazard Statements ]:
H302-H315-H319-H335-H360
[ Precautionary Statements ]:
P201-P280-P301 + P312 + P330-P305 + P351 + P338-P308 + P313
[ Personal Protective Equipment ]:
Eyeshields;Faceshields;full-face respirator (US);Gloves;multi-purpose combination respirator cartridge (US);type ABEK (EN14387) respirator filter
[ Hazard Codes ]:
Xn:Harmful
[ Risk Phrases ]:
R22;R36/37/38
[ Safety Phrases ]:
S26-S45-S36/37-S16
[ RIDADR ]:
UN 1230 3/PG 2
[ WGK Germany ]:
3
[ RTECS ]:
YV7875000
[ Packaging Group ]:
III
[ Hazard Class ]:
8
[ HS Code ]:
2915600000
Synthetic Route
Precursor & DownStream
Precursor
DownStream
Customs
[ HS Code ]: 2915900090
[ Summary ]:
2915900090 other saturated acyclic monocarboxylic acids and their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives VAT:17.0% Tax rebate rate:9.0% Supervision conditions:AB(certificate of inspection for goods inward,certificate of inspection for goods outward) MFN tariff:5.5% General tariff:30.0%
Articles
Eur. J. Cancer 50(18) , 3243-61, (2014)
We previously demonstrated that arsenic trioxide (ATO) and proteasome inhibitor MG132 synergistically induced cell death in promonocytic leukaemia cell line U937 but were antagonistic in Burkitt's lym...
Combined histone deacetylase inhibition and tamoxifen induces apoptosis in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer models, by reversing Bcl-2 overexpression.Breast Cancer Res. 17 , 26, (2015)
The emergence of hormone therapy resistance, despite continued expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), is a major challenge to curing breast cancer. Recent clinical studies suggest that epigenetic m...
HD iPSC-derived neural progenitors accumulate in culture and are susceptible to BDNF withdrawal due to glutamate toxicity.Hum. Mol. Genet. 24 , 3257-71, (2015)
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, caused by expansion of polyglutamine repeats in the Huntingtin gene, with longer expansions leading to earlier ages of onset. The HD iPS...