Ampicillin Trihydrate

Ampicillin trihydrate (D-(-)-α-Aminobenzylpenicillin trihydrate) is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Research Areas >> Infection

Signaling Pathways >> Anti-infection >> Bacterial

Ampicillin trihydrate (D-(-)-α-Aminobenzylpenicillin trihydrate) inhibits the growth of E. coli of swine origin in a dose-dependent manner. The effective inhibitory concentration of Ampicillin trihydrate is 2.5 uG/mL[1].

Ampicillin trihydrate (D-(-)-α-Aminobenzylpenicillin trihydrate) is very effective in alleviating the symptoms of hemorrhagic enteritis in a 11-week old pig[1]. Ampicillin trihydrate produces maximum concentrations in bile twice as high as in serum. The peak concentration of ampicillin after an oral dose is as twice as high in portal blood as in peripheral blood[2]. Ampicillin trihydrate provides neuroprotection against ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. Ampicillin trihydrate reduces the activities of MMPs and increases the expression level of GLT-1. Pretreatment with Ampicillin trihydrate significantly reduces medial hippocampal cell death following global forebrain ischemia[3].

[1]. Chopra SL, et al. Effect of Ampicillin on E. Coli of Swine Origin. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci. 1963 Sep;27(9):223-7.

[2]. Lund B, et al. Ampicillin in portal and peripheral blood and bile after oral administration of ampicillin andpivampicillin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1974;7(2):133-5.

[3]. Lee KE, et al. The neuroprotective mechanism of ampicillin in a mouse model of transient forebrain ischemia. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2016 Mar;20(2):185-92.

MOLECULAR FORMULA :

C16-H19-N3-O4-S.3H2-O

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

403.50

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

T45 ANV ESTJ CMVYZR& F1 F1 GVQ &QH 3

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

10 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - muscle weakness Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea

REFERENCE :

ANTBAL Antibiotiki. (Moscow, USSR) V.1-29, 1956-84. For publisher information, see AMBIEH. Volume(issue)/page/year: 20,653,1975

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

15200 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - muscle weakness Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea

REFERENCE :

ANTBAL Antibiotiki. (Moscow, USSR) V.1-29, 1956-84. For publisher information, see AMBIEH. Volume(issue)/page/year: 20,653,1975 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Inhalation

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

5 mg/m3/5H/17W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Blood - other changes Immunological Including Allergic - decreased immune response Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain

REFERENCE :

ANTBAL Antibiotiki. (Moscow, USSR) V.1-29, 1956-84. For publisher information, see AMBIEH. Volume(issue)/page/year: 20,653,1975 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

1500 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 6-11 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

REFERENCE :

ANTBAL Antibiotiki. (Moscow, USSR) V.1-29, 1956-84. For publisher information, see AMBIEH. Volume(issue)/page/year: 18,815,1973

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

2800 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 7-13 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,3113,1973

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

9100 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 7-13 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Fertility - litter size (e.g. # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,3113,1973

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

28 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 7-13 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,3113,1973 *** REVIEWS *** IARC Cancer Review:Animal Limited Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 50,153,1990 IARC Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 50,153,1990 IARC Cancer Review:Group 3 IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 50,153,1990 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 81708 No. of Facilities: 2339 (estimated) No. of Industries: 3 No. of Occupations: 4 No. of Employees: 5081 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 81708 No. of Facilities: 861 (estimated) No. of Industries: 4 No. of Occupations: 13 No. of Employees: 13014 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 7415 (estimated)