Vitamin K

Vitamin K is a group of fat soluble vitamins, important for the function of numerous proteins within the body, such as the coagulation factors, osteocalcin and matrix-Gla protein.

Signaling Pathways >> Others >> Others

Research Areas >> Cardiovascular Disease

Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and Menaquinones (vitamin K2) are the two naturally occurring forms of vitamin K. Phylloquionone is the major dietary source of vitamin K and is found at highest concentrations in green leafy vegetables[1]. Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is found in small amounts in chicken, butter, egg yolks, cheese and fermented soyabeans. Vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 are required for the γ-glutamyl carboxylation of all vitamin K-dependent proteins[2]. Vitamin K has important actions in the nervous system. Vitamin K contributes to the biological activation of proteins Gas6 and protein S, ligands for the receptor tyrosine kinases of the TAM family (Tyro3, Axl, and Mer). In brain, vitamin K also participates in the synthesis of sphingolipids, an important class of lipids present in high concentrations in brain cell membranes[3].

Vitamin K is well-known for its function in blood coagulation. Several human studies report the beneficial role of vitamin K supplementation in improving insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, preventing insulin resistance, and reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes[1]. The adequate intake for vitamin K has been proposed to be 90 µg/day for women and 120 µg/day for men[2]. Vitamin K deficiency results in an increase in undercarboxylated osteocalcin, a protein with low biological activity. Several studies have demonstrated that low dietary vitamin K intake is associated with low bone mineral density or increased fractures. Additionally, vitamin K supplementation has been shown to reduce undercarboxylated osteocalcin and improve the bone turnover profile[4].

[1]. Manna P, et al. Beneficial role of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and the reduced risk of type 2 diabetes: A review. Nutrition. 2016 Jul-Aug;32(7-8):732-9.

[2]. DiNicolantonio JJ, et al. The health benefits of vitamin K. Open Heart. 2015 Oct 6;2(1):e000300.

[3]. Ferland G, et al. Vitamin K, an emerging nutrient in brain function. Biofactors. 2012 Mar-Apr;38(2):151-7.

[4]. Bügel S, et al. Vitamin K and bone health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003 Nov;62(4):839-43.

Captisol | Cyclosporin A | H2DCFDA | 0MPTP hydrochloride | GW4869 | Etomoxir | TD139 | Mitoquinone mesylate | GSK2795039 | JC-1 | BAPTA-AM | AP 20187 | Setanaxib (GKT137831) | D-Luciferin | Crotaline

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

700 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

ARZNAD Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. (Editio Cantor Verlag, Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,25,1958 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intramuscular

DOSE :

13500 ug/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 6-11 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)

REFERENCE :

CAJPBD Proceedings of the Congenital Anomalies Research Association of Japan. (Kyoto, Japan) No.1- 1961- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,46,1968 *** REVIEWS *** TOXICOLOGY REVIEW NYSJAM New York State Journal of Medicine. (Medical Soc. of the State of New York, POB 5405, Lake Success, NY 11042) V.1- 1901- Volume(issue)/page/year: 64,493,1964 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 80150 No. of Facilities: 168 (estimated) No. of Industries: 2 No. of Occupations: 12 No. of Employees: 2650 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 80150 No. of Facilities: 488 (estimated) No. of Industries: 3 No. of Occupations: 14 No. of Employees: 5168 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 1116 (estimated)